نشریه پدافند غیر عامل و امنیت
پیاپی 36 (پاییز 1400)

Paying attention to the lessons learned is not only useful for using technical standards and developing experiences, but also for decision makers at strategic levels and in the policy cycle. These lessons are also considered in various fields, including security systems and technologies for data transmission, among which blockchain is one of the emerging phenomena in the infrastructure of the last decade that has affected different social, economic, political and technological dimensions at national level. In this article, while studying and comparing the approaches, strategies and national policies of some countries such as South Korea, the Netherlands, Australia, India, etc. in the field of development and operation of the Blockchain, we identify strategic options and provide a conceptual framework for macro-analysis and conceptual framework. In addition, such research makes it possible to identify effective and efficient behavior with emerging phenomena. In this regard, systematic identification and study of strategic documents of countries has been done using the method of conventional qualitative content analysis; in order to evaluate and validate the content coding, the Kappa Cohen agreement coefficient of 0.64 is obtained. Based on the research results, networking, decision making, facilitation and empowerment are identified as the most important lessons learned and the axes of the conceptual framework of the proposed macro measures to develop national strategies for the development and operation of Blockchain technology are developed.

Terrorism is a highly complex and complex phenomenon, and terrorist networks exhibit the behavior of complex systems; Accordingly, full knowledge is very difficult and, of course, necessary and important to deal with terrorist networks. The inherent complexity of such systems makes them highly resistant to conventional analytical methods, and therefore their partial study confuses us. Systems Theory is the study of the structure and function of complex systems in the real world. In addition, the most effective approach to counter-terrorism is conscious and purposeful intervention, and the key to success for this is modeling; As by having the model, interactions and interdependence of the factors and the degree of effectiveness of each one of them is known and by recognizing the most effective of them, it is possible to deal with terrorism effectively. Systems Theory is used to develop a model of complex systems of terrorism. In this study, terrorism is looked at as a complex system to better understand the various factors of the terrorism and how these different factors are related. The main question of the research is based on the most important factors influencing terrorism and the importance of each one of the factors and their interrelation. To answer this question, using the theory of complex systems, a practical model for understanding the terrorism as a complex phenomenon is introduced and the most important factors influencing terrorism and their impact are investigated; Accordingly, by recognizing the impact and duration of impact of each variable on the other, the most effective options for impact and counter-terrorism are identified.

The aim of this article is to identify the effect of cognitive self-study method education on reducing anxiety in employees of intelligence-security services. The research method is semi-experimental in terms of data collection and its research design is pretest-posttest with control group. From the population of employees of one of the intelligence-security services using the method of sampling available people, 25 people, who had anxiety problems according to the preliminary results of clinical interview and evaluation by Beck Anxiety Scale, were selected and divided into two groups: 1- Experiment for cognitive self-learning intervention (13 people), and 2- Control (12 people) without intervention were randomly divided. Anxiety data collection tool was Beck Anxiety Scale and descriptive statistics (average statistical indices and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (T-Test for independent groups) were used to analyze the data. The findings of this study showed that in the post-test, a difference of 10.10 was observed between the average of the two groups, which was significant at the level of P <0.01, and in general, it was shown that the cognitive self-learning method reduced anxiety in the experimental group compared to the control group.

Ethnic identity is part of individual social identity and the degree of emotional and cognitive belonging to a particular group, culture and value. The aim of this paper is to study the effect of social capital on explaining the ethnic identity of conscripted employees in Iran. The method of the present study is survey and the population includes the conscripted employees of an organization. Following, by means of Cochran’s Formula and Multi-stage Cluster Sampling, 300 people are selected as the sample. Regression and correlation statistical tests are performed using SPSS software in this study. Findings show that ethnic identity bears a positive and significant correlation with social capital. The correlation coefficient also shows that the dimensions of social capital (social trust, social empathy, support and social participation) bear a positive and significant correlation at the intermediate level with ethnic identity. The results of regression analysis show that the independent variables of the research include; Social support, social trust, social capital, and social participation accounted for a total of 44% of changes related to ethnic identity, and the social empathy variable bears no effect on explaining the research dependent variable. Given that “partial protection” is the head of social cohesion in military organizations and social cohesion is one of the undeniable components of “social capital”, this article, which is based on a research study, can be effective in orienting the attitude of decision makers.

Research in intelligence, like other scientific disciplines, bears special features and considerations that could help researchers and those interested in intelligence studies in doing more practical and qualitative research. This research has been formed with the aim of creating the necessary knowledge of the specific scientific capacities of intelligence services to conduct research and also to understand the considerations and characteristics of research in the field of intelligence. Due to the use of the interpretive method of the qualitative approach, the data collection tool is note-taking; After presenting the theoretical framework, the research findings indicate three basic and pivotal features of intelligence studies, five salient and important limitations for conducting intelligence research, eight specific capacities and capabilities of intelligence services as a competitive advantage for theorizing as intelligence research is one of the ten most important considerations for conducting intelligence studies and enumerating the most important differences between the studies of internal and external intelligence researchers. “Presenting scientific considerations and frameworks of intelligence studies in postgraduate courses of educational intelligence centers”, “Adding educational science research considerations to undergraduate courses such as educational basics” and “Holding workshops and scientific meetings to promote theory in intelligence “ is one of the most important research policy proposals.

Participatory criminal policy means the cooperation of citizens with the authorities in order to prevent crimes, which could also be effective in crimes against national security. This research has been conducted by analytical-descriptive method with the aim of investigating the application of participatory criminal policy in the prevention of security crimes. The conclusion is that the implementation of this policy in the prevention of the crimes could have a positive effect. In this regard, it is necessary for every Iranian to be considered the eyes of the country due to his prejudice towards his country, and if he encounters any security issue, he should immediately inform the security officials. With patriotic prejudices, cooperation with dissident intelligence services does not make sense, and in this regard, culture-building by the national media is required. The government, with its good relations with other countries and its policy of detente, will automatically eliminate the incentive for the enemy to take security measures, and in this way, the field of cooperation of citizens with foreign security services will be minimized. The local people of every region, because of their familiarity with the region, can better cooperate with the security forces and, while identifying counter-revolutionary elements, prevent the implementation of conspiracies. In the event of a crime, the public should assist the security forces during the investigation and provide information as much as possible.